The floor penetration loss factor is an empirical constant dependent on the number of floors the waves need to penetrate.
2.
For solids, active mass is taken as a constant . \ alpha, a and b were regarded as empirical constants, to be determined by experiment.
3.
This relationship is in accordance with the equation Qt = kT where Qt is the total tensile resistance, k is an empirical constant and T is the installation torque.
4.
Boltzmann's constant is essentially a conversion between energy in Joules and temperature in Kelvin, and so is pretty fundamentally an empirical constant ( i . e . dependent on our arbitrary definitions of the units involved ).
5.
Here r = positive empirical constant; the values r = 1 = or 2 have been used for concrete, while r \ approx 1.45 is optimum according to the existing test data from the literature ( Fig . 2d ).
6.
The pre-exponential factor, A, is an empirical constant of proportionality which has been estimated by various theories which take into account factors such as the frequency of collision between reacting particles, their relative orientation, and the entropy of activation.
7.
Moseley's k _ 2 \ was given as a general empirical constant to fit either the K-alpha or the L-alpha transition lines, the latter being weaker-intensity, lower frequency lines found in X-ray element spectra.
8.
Empirical constants such as bond dissociation energy, standard heat of formation ( ?H f ?), and heat of combustion ( ?H c ?) are used to predict the stability of molecules and the change in enthalpy ( ?H ) through the course of the reactions.
9.
Where { x } is the quantity of adsorbate adsorbed in moles, m is the mass of the adsorbent, P is the pressure of adsorbate ( this can be changed to concentration if investigating solution rather than gas ) and k and n are empirical constants for each adsorbent-adsorbate pair at a given temperature.
10.
Whilst empiricism, and positivism more generally, locate causal relationships at the level of events, Critical Realism locates them at the level of the generative mechanism, arguing that causal relationships are irreducible to empirical constant conjunctions of David Hume's doctrine; in other words, a constant conjunctive relationship between events is neither sufficient nor even necessary to establish a causal relationship.
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